Cardiac outcome measures such as heart rate, arrhythmia, and interbeat intervals are essential indicators of cardiorespiratory diseases. At the same time, heart rate variability (HRV) provides a non-invasive way to study the autonomic nervous system (ANS) and detect a change in a patient's physiologic state.
ECG: Wearable electrode sensors are used to measure the heart's electrical activity during each cardiac cycle. The heart's high-resolution voltage is plotted against time to create an electrocardiogram (ECG) and identify heart rhythm abnormalities. The accuracy and complexity of cardiac outcomes derived from ECG technology mainly depend on the number and placement of electrodes. Wearable ECG technology can be implemented in shirt, patch, and strap form factors and range from single to 12-lead.
PPG: PPG sensors provide an alternative form factor to measure pulse rate as a surrogate for heart rate and HRV measures at rest. PPG may also be used to assess decompensation via derived SpO2. Wearable PPG sensors may include the wrist, ring, patch worn form factors, and more standard finger clip sensors that can be used for spot checks and short recording durations.
Sensor Modalities: ECG, PPG
Clinical Use Examples: Identify a response biomarker such as tachycardia events in high-risk patients receiving nutritional intervention for heart health.
Sensor Modalities: ECG
Clinical Use Examples: Monitoring biomarker for outpatient and in-clinic cardiac rehabilitation adherence.
Monitoring biomarker for assessing aerobic capacity during activities of daily living in a longitudinal study of aging.
Sensor Modalities: ECG
Clinical Use Examples: Response biomarker for assessing stress and resiliency in patients receiving treatment for PTSD.
Monitoring Biomarker for assessing the progression of cardiac autonomic neuropathy in patients with type 2 diabetes.
Sensor Modalities: ECG
Clinical Use Examples: Identifying congenital QT interval prolongation as a response biomarker in rare diseases.
Identifying acquired QT interval prolongation as a safety biomarker related to an adverse medication side effect.
HRV data from ECG of a single subject visualized in VivoSense.
HRV data from ECF of a single subject visualized in Vivosense.